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'''<small>If you are interested in participating in this huge, Global project, please go ahead and [https://pedsanesthesia.net/wiki/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Main+Page register]! If you are reluctant, please contact me [mailto:DrBobGreenberg@PedsAnesthesia.net here] or on the [https://pedsanesthesia.net/forum forum]. Authorship may be recognized by your institution and contribute to "published works" for academic promotion.</small>'''
'''<small>If you are interested in participating in this huge, Global project, please go ahead and [https://pedsanesthesia.net/wiki/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Main+Page register]! If you are reluctant, please contact me [mailto:DrBobGreenberg@PedsAnesthesia.net here] or on the [https://pedsanesthesia.net/forum forum]. Authorship may be recognized by your institution and contribute to "published works" for academic promotion.</small>'''
Line 20: Line 20:
::[[Certification Processes]]
::[[Certification Processes]]
:[[TYK About | Test Your Knowledge]]
:[[TYK About | Test Your Knowledge]]
:[[Managing Knowledge]]


==Basic Clinical Information [WFSA Update Vol30]==
==Basic Clinical Information [WFSA Updates]==
:[[WFSA PaedsUpdateContents]] (Table of contents)
:[[WFSA PaedsUpdateContents]] Volume 30 - June  2015 (Wiki Format)
:[https://resources.wfsahq.org/uia/vol-37-paediatrics-special-edition/ WFSA PaedsUpdateContents Volume 37 - October 2023 (PDF Format)]


==The Growing Child==
==The Growing Child==
Line 57: Line 59:
:[[Pacemakers]]
:[[Pacemakers]]
:[[Automated Internal Defibrillators]]
:[[Automated Internal Defibrillators]]
:[[Near-Infrared Spectroscopy]]
:[[Electroencephalography - EEG]]
:[[Depth of Anesthesia]]
::[[BIS]]
::[[SEDline]]


==Ethical Issues in Pediatric Anesthesia==   
==Ethical Issues in Pediatric Anesthesia==   
Line 65: Line 72:
:[[Anesthesia in Low Resource Settings]]
:[[Anesthesia in Low Resource Settings]]
:[[Global Pediatric Anesthesia]]
:[[Global Pediatric Anesthesia]]
:[[VIP Care]]
:[[End of Life]]
:[[Racial Disparities in Care]]


==The Law and Pediatric Anesthesia==  
==Error, Judgement, and The Law==  
:[[Errors in the Operating Room]]
::[[Wrong Side Procedures]]
:[[Just Culture]]
:[[The Making of Medical Malpractice Suit]]
:[[The Making of Medical Malpractice Suit]]


=Clinical Techniques=
=Clinical Techniques=
:[[Standards of Anesthesia]]
:[[Pocket Reference Cards]]
:[[Pocket Reference Cards]]
:[[Point of Care Ultrasound - POCUS]]
==Preoperative Assessment==
==Preoperative Assessment==
:[[General Preoperative Assessment]]
:[[General Preoperative Assessment]]
Line 84: Line 99:
:[[Obstructive Sleep Apnea]]
:[[Obstructive Sleep Apnea]]
:[[Preoperative Fasting]]
:[[Preoperative Fasting]]
:[[Vaccination Status]]
:[[Child Trafficking]]


==Pre-anesthetic Medication==
==Pre-anesthetic Medication==
Line 97: Line 114:
:[[Magic as a Distration Technique]]
:[[Magic as a Distration Technique]]
:[[Distracting Devices]]
:[[Distracting Devices]]
:[[Psychological Preparation of the Pediatric Patient & Family]]


==Maintenance of Anesthesia==  
==Maintenance of Anesthesia==  
:[[Fluid Management]]
:[[Fluid Management]]
:[[Neuromuscular Blockade]]
:[[Neuromuscular Blockade]]
:[[Blood Products]]
:[[Blood Products]]
:[[Temperature Management]]
:[[Temperature Management]]
:[[Positioning]]
:[[Positioning]]
:[[Ventilation]]
:[[Ventilation]]
:[[Controlled Hypotension]]
:[[Electrocautery]]
:[[Depth of Anesthesia]]
::[[BIS]]
::[[SEDline]]


Drugs
Drugs
Line 116: Line 134:
:[[Dexmedetomidine]]
:[[Dexmedetomidine]]
:[[Opiates]]
:[[Opiates]]
:[[Opioid Free Techniques]]
:[[Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents]]
::[[Ketorolac]]
::[[Ibuprofen]]
::[[Cox-2 Inhibitors]]
:[[Ketamine]]
:[[Ketamine]]
:[[Benzodiazepines]]
:[[Perioperative Steroids]]
:[[Perioperative Steroids]]
:[[Antibiotics]]
:[[Antibiotics]]
Line 122: Line 146:
:[[Methylene Blue]]
:[[Methylene Blue]]
:[[Insulin Pumps]]
:[[Insulin Pumps]]
:[[Parasympatholytics]]
:[[Bicarbonate]]


==Emergence/Recovery from Anesthesia===
==Emergence/Recovery from Anesthesia==
:[[Deep Extubation]]
:[[Deep Extubation]]
:[[Emergence Agitation/Delirium]]
:[[Emergence Agitation/Delirium]]
:[[Post Operative Nausea & Vomiting]]
:[[Post Operative Nausea & Vomiting]]
:[[Pain Management in the Recovery Room]]
:[[Pain Management in the Recovery Room]]
:[[Post Obstructive Pulmonary Edema]]
:[[Intraoperative Awareness and Recall]]


==Airway Management==  
==Airway Management==  
:[[Basic Airway Anatomy of the Pediatric Patient]]
:[[Basic Airway Anatomy of the Pediatric Patient]]
:[[Basic Airway Management of the Pediatric Patient]]
:[[Basic Airway Management of the Pediatric Patient]]
:[[Laryngeal Mask Airway]]
:[[Basic Laryngoscopy and Intubation]]
:[[Basic Laryngoscopy and Intubation]]
:[[Basic Nasal Intubation]]
:[[Basic Nasal Intubation]]
:[[Rapid Sequence Induction]]
:[[Recognizing and Managing the Difficult Pediatric Airway]]
:[[Recognizing and Managing the Difficult Pediatric Airway]]
:[[Advanced Airway Techniques]]
:[[Difficult Airway Response Teams]]
:[[Difficult Airway Response Teams]]
:[[Advanced Airway Techniques]]
:[[One Lung Ventilation]]
:[[One Lung Ventilation]]
:[[Cuffed vs Uncuffed ETTs]]
:[[Cuffed vs Uncuffed ETTs]]
:[[Basic Ventilation]]
:[[Basic Ventilation]]
:[[Advanced Ventilation]]
:[[Advanced Ventilation]]
:[[Emergency Airway Management]]
:[[Emergency Airway Management]]
:[[Rapid Sequence Induction]]
:[[Complications of Airway Management]]
:[[Complications of Airway Management]]
:[[Laryngospasm]]
:[[Extubation]]
:[[Deep Extubation]]


==Vascular Access==  
==Vascular Access==  
Line 151: Line 188:
:[[Arterial catheter placement & Care]]
:[[Arterial catheter placement & Care]]
:[[Intranasal Drug Delivery]]
:[[Intranasal Drug Delivery]]
:[[Needlestick Injury]]


==Regional Blockade==  
==Regional Blockade==  
Line 161: Line 199:
:[[Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity - LAST]]
:[[Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity - LAST]]
:[[Nerve Complications of Regional Blockade]]
:[[Nerve Complications of Regional Blockade]]
:[[Peripheral Nerve Stimulation]]
:[[Compartment Syndrome and Regional Blockade]]
:[[Post-Dural Puncture Headache]]


:[[Axial Blockade]] ([[Caudal]], [[Lumbar Epidural]], [[Thoracic Epidural]], [[Spinal]])
:[[Axial Blockade]] ([[Caudal]], [[Lumbar Epidural]], [[Thoracic Epidural]], [[Spinal]])
:[[Head & Neck]]
:[[Head & Neck]] ([[Palatal]], [[Supraorbital & Trochlear Nerve Blocks]], [[Oral Nerve Blocks]], [[Superficial Cervical Plexus Block]], [[Suprazygomatic Maxillary Nerve]], [[Infraorbital Nerve Block]], [[Scalp Blocks]])
:[[Upper Extremity]] ([[Interscalene]], [[Supraclavicular]], [[Infraclavicular]], [[Axillary]], [[Peripheral Arm]], [[Intravenous Regional (Bier)]])
:[[Upper Extremity]] ([[Interscalene]], [[Supraclavicular]], [[Infraclavicular]], [[Axillary]], [[Peripheral Arm]], [[Intravenous Regional (Bier)]])
:[[Thorax]] ([[Intercostal]], [[Paravertebral]], [[Erector Spinae Plane]])
:[[Thorax]] ([[Intercostal]], [[Paravertebral]], [[Erector Spinae Plane]])
:[[Abdomen]] ([[Rectus Sheath]], [[Transversus Abdominus Plane]], [[Quadratus Lumborum]], [[Ileoinguinal/Ileohypogastric]], [[Pudendal]], [[Penile]])
:[[Abdomen]] ([[Rectus Sheath]], [[Transversus Abdominus Plane]], [[Quadratus Lumborum]], [[Ileoinguinal/Ileohypogastric]], [[Pudendal]], [[Penile]])
:[[Lower Extremity]] ([[Femoral]], [[Adductor Canal]], [[Sciatic]], [[Popliteal]], [[Ankle]])
:[[Lower Extremity]] ([[Lumbar Plexus]], [[PENG]], [[Femoral]], [[Adductor Canal]], [[Sciatic]], [[Popliteal]], [[Ankle]])


:[[Continuous Catheter Infusion (Outside of Hospital)]]
:[[Continuous Catheter Infusion (Outside of Hospital)]]
Line 177: Line 218:


==Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation==
==Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation==
:[[Intraoperative Cardiac Arrest]]
:[[Pediatric CPR]]
:[[Pediatric CPR]]
:[[Code Teams]]
:[[Code Teams]]
Line 188: Line 230:
[https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/browse-by-first-letter Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center]
[https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/browse-by-first-letter Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center]
:[[Achalasia]]
:[[Achalasia]]
:[[Achondroplasia]]
:[[Acute Flaccid Myelitis]]
:[[Adrenal Insufficiency]]
:[[Alpha-Gal Syndrome]]
:[[Anaphylaxis]]
:[[Anaphylaxis]]
:[[Angelman Syndrome]]
:[[Apert Syndrome]]
:[[Asthma]]
:[[Asthma]]
:[[Autism Spectrum]]
:[[Autism Spectrum]]
:[[Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome]]
:[[Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome]]
:[[Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia]]
:[[Brugada Syndrome]]
:[[Cerebral Palsy]]
:[[CHARGE association]]
:[[CHARGE association]]
:[[Cleft lip and/or palate]]
:[[Cleft lip and/or palate]]
:[[Cleidocranial dysplasia]]
:[[Conjoined Twins]]
:[[Cornelia de Lange Syndrome]]
:[[COVID]]
:[[Craniosynostosis]]
:[[Craniosynostosis]]
:[[Cystic Fibrosis]]
:[[Cystic Fibrosis]]
:[[Di George syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)]]
:[[DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)]]
:[[Diabetes]]
:[[Diabetes]]
:[[Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation]]
:[[Down Syndrome]]
:[[Down Syndrome]]
:[[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]]
:[[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]]
:[[Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome]]
:[[Epidermolysis Bullosa]]
:[[Epidermolysis Bullosa]]
:[[Freeman-Sheldon Syndrome]]
:[[Genetic Disease]]
:[[Genetic Disease]]
:[[G6PD]]
:[[Goldenhar syndrome]]
:[[Goldenhar syndrome]]
:[[Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
:[[Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
:[[Hereditary Spherocytosis]]
:[[Inherited metabolic disorders]]
:[[Inherited metabolic disorders]]
:[[Ketogenic Diet]]
:[[Klippel-Feil syndrome]]
:[[Klippel-Feil syndrome]]
:[[Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome]]
:[[Lennox-Gastaut syndrome]]
:[[Long QT Syndrome]]
:[[Malignant Hyperthermia]]
:[[Malignant Hyperthermia]]
:[[Marijuana Use]]
:[[Mastocytosis]]
:[[Mitochondrial Disease]]
:[[Mitochondrial Disease]]
:[[Möbius syndrome]]
:[[Moya Moya Syndrome]]
:[[Mucopolysaccharidoses]]
:[[Mucopolysaccharidoses]]
:[[Myesthenia Gravis]]
:[[Myesthenia Gravis]]
:[[Myotonic dystrophies]]
:[[Myotonic dystrophies]]
:[[Nephrotic Syndrome]]
:[[Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome]]
:[[Nonaccidental Trauma]]
:[[Nonaccidental Trauma]]
:[[Noonan syndrome]]
:[[Noonan syndrome]]
Line 216: Line 286:
:[[Obstructive Sleep Apnea]]
:[[Obstructive Sleep Apnea]]
:[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]]
:[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]]
:[[Pacemakers]]
:[[Papillomatosis]]
:[[Papillomatosis]]
:[[Periodic Fever Syndromes]]
:[[Pierre Robin sequence]]
:[[Pierre Robin sequence]]
:[[Polycythemia Vera]]
:[[Porphyria]]
:[[Porphyria]]
:[[Prader-Willi Syndrome]]
:[[Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency]]
:[[Pulmonary Hypertension]]
:[[Pulmonary Hypertension]]
:[[Sickle Cell Disease]]
:[[Sickle Cell Disease]]
:[[Smoking and Vaping]]
:[[Smoking and Vaping]]
:[[Special Needs]]
:[[Spina Bifida]]
:[[Spinal Cord Injury]]
:[[Spinal Muscular Atrophy]]
:[[Stevens-Johnson Syndrome]]
:[[Stroke]]
:[[Sturge Weber]]
:[[Substance Use Disorder]]
:[[Tetanus]]
:[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
:[[Treacher Collins syndrome]]
:[[Treacher Collins syndrome]]
:[[Turner syndrome]]
:[[Turner syndrome]]
:[[VACTERR (or VACTERL) association]]
:[[VACTERR (or VACTERL) association]]
:[[Vein of Galen Malformation]]
:[[Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome]]
:[[Von Willibrand’s Disease]]
:[[Waardenburg syndrome]]
:[[Williams Syndrome]]
:[[Williams Syndrome]]


Line 231: Line 320:


==General Surgery==  
==General Surgery==  
:[[Gastrochisis]]
:[[Appendectomy]]
:[[Omphalocoele]]
:[[Bariatric]]
:[[Pyloric Stenosis]]
:[[Bronchoscopy]]
:[[Umbilical Hernia]]
:[[Inguinal Hernia]]
:[[Diaphragmatic Hernia]]
:[[Cystic Adenomatous Malformation (CAM)]]
:[[Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula]]
:[[Umbilical Herniorrphy]]
:[[Central Line Placement (Hickman/Broviac/Infusaport)]]
:[[Trauma]]
:[[Burns]]
:[[Burns]]
:[[Pectus Excavatum/Carinatum]]
:[[Button Battery Ingestion]]
:[[Button Battery Ingestion]]
:[[Central Line Placement (Hickman/Broviac/Infusaport)]]
:[[Cholelithiasis]]
:[[Cystic Adenomatous Malformation (CAM)]]
:[[Diaphragmatic Hernia]]
:[[Duodenal Atresia]]
:[[Duodenal Atresia]]
:[[Bariatric]]
:[[Gastrochisis]]
:[[Inguinal Hernia]]
:[[Kasai Procedure]]
:[[Laparoscopy]]
:[[Magnet Ingestion]]
:[[Malrotation]]
:[[Necrotizing Enterocolitis]]
:[[Necrotizing Enterocolitis]]
:[[Appendectomy]]
:[[Omphalocoele]]
:[[Ovarian Torsion]]
:[[Ovarian Torsion]]
:[[Pectus Excavatum/Carinatum]]
:[[Pheochromocytoma]]
:[[Pyloric Stenosis]]
:[[Sacrococcygeal Teratoma]]
:[[Thoracotomy]]
:[[Thoracotomy]]
:[[Pheochromocytoma]]
:[[Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula]]
:[[Trauma]]
:[[Umbilical Hernia]]
:[[Umbilical Herniorrphy]]


==Transplant==
==Transplant==
:[[Liver Transplant]]
:[[Liver Transplant]]
:[[Renal Transplant]]
:[[Renal Transplant]]
:[[Cardiac Transplant]]


==ENT==
==ENT==
:[[Myringotomy Tubes]]
:[[Auditory Evoked Potentials]]
:[[Tonsillectomy/Adenoidectomy]]
:[[Bone Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA)]]
:[[Mastoidectomy]]
:[[Bronchoscopy]]
:[[Tracheostomy]]
:[[Cricoid Split Procedure]]
:[[Cricoid Split Procedure]]
:[[Suspension Micro Laryngoscopy]]
:[[Bone Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA)]]
:[[Epiglottitis]]
:[[Epiglottitis]]
:[[Laryngotracheal Reconstruction]]
:[[Auditory Evoked Potentials]]
:[[Thyroglossal Duct Cyst]]
:[[Foreign Body in Airway]]
:[[Foreign Body in Airway]]
:[[Glottic Web]]
:[[Glottic Web]]
:[[Laryngotracheal Reconstruction]]
:[[Mastoidectomy]]
:[[Myringotomy Tubes]]
:[[Papillomatosis]]
:[[Papillomatosis]]
:[[Bronchoscopy]]
:[[Retropharyngeal Abscess]]
:[[Suspension Micro Laryngoscopy]]
:[[Thyroglossal Duct Cyst]]
:[[Tonsillectomy/Adenoidectomy]]
:[[Tracheostomy]]


==Fetal==
==Fetal==
:[[Fetal Interventions]]
:[[Fetal Interventions]]
:[[ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT)]]


==Dental/Oral Surgery==  
==Dental/Oral Surgery==  
Line 289: Line 388:
:[[Lower Extremity Fracture]]
:[[Lower Extremity Fracture]]
:[[Bone Cement]]
:[[Bone Cement]]
:[[Compartment Syndrome]]
:[[Tourniquet Use]]
:[[Clubfoot Repair]]
:[[Total Knee Arthroplasty]]


==Neurosurgery==  
==Neurosurgery==
:[[General Neurosurgery]]
:[[Brain Tumor Craniotomy]]
:[[Brain Tumor Craniotomy]]
:[[Arnold Chiari Malformation]]
:[[Arnold Chiari Malformation]]
Line 297: Line 401:
:[[Spinal Cord Injury]]
:[[Spinal Cord Injury]]
:[[Awake Craniotomy]]
:[[Awake Craniotomy]]
:[[Vagal Nerve Stimulator]]
:[[Arteriovenous Malformation]]
:[[Traumatic Brain Injury]]
:[[Air Embolism]]


==Plastics==
==Plastics==
:[[Craniosynostosis]]
:[[Craniosynostosis]]
:[[Craniofacial Reconstruction]]
:[[Craniofacial Reconstruction]]
:[[Cleft Palate]]
:[[Cleft lip and/or palate]]
:[[LeFort Advancement]]
:[[LeFort Advancement]]
:[[Pierre Robin Mandibular Distraction]]
:[[Pierre Robin Mandibular Distraction]]
Line 315: Line 423:
:[[Testicular Torsion]]
:[[Testicular Torsion]]
:[[Orchiopexy]]
:[[Orchiopexy]]
:[[Robotic Surgery]]


==Transgender Topics==
==Transgender Topics==
Line 342: Line 451:
:[[Cardiopulmonary Bypass]]
:[[Cardiopulmonary Bypass]]
:[[Cardiac Catheterization]]
:[[Cardiac Catheterization]]
:[[Non-Cardiac Procedures]]


==Gastroenterology==
==Gastroenterology==
Line 366: Line 476:
:[[Introduction to Fetal Anesthesia]]
:[[Introduction to Fetal Anesthesia]]
:[[Pre-Partum Procedures]]
:[[Pre-Partum Procedures]]
:[[EXIT Procedure]]
:[[Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT)]]


==Radiology==  
==Radiology==  
Line 375: Line 485:
::[[Endovascular Liver Biopsy]]
::[[Endovascular Liver Biopsy]]
::[[Cyst Drainage]]
::[[Cyst Drainage]]
::[[Ophthalmic Artery Injection]]
 
:[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]  
:[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]  
::[[Head/Body]]
::[[Head/Body]]
::[[Cardiac MRI]]
::[[Cardiac MRI]]
:[[Positron Emission Tomography (PET)]]
:[[Neuroradiology]]
::[[Wada Test]]
::[[Vein of Galen Malformation]]
::[[Ophthalmic Artery Injection]]
:[[Urodynamic Studies]]
==Psychiatry==
:[[Electroconvulsive Therapy]]


==Pain Management==  
==Pain Management==  
:[[Perioperative Analgesic Pharmacology in Children (WFSA)]]
:[[Perioperative analgesic pharmacology in children]]
:[[Overview of Pain in Children]]
:[[Overview of Pain in Children]]
:[[Factors that Modulate Pediatric Pain]]
:[[Factors that Modulate Pediatric Pain]]
Line 404: Line 525:
:[[Setting Goals]]
:[[Setting Goals]]
:[[Techniques in the Palliative Setting]]
:[[Techniques in the Palliative Setting]]
:[[End of Life Care]]


=Operational/Procedural Topics=  
=Operational/Procedural Topics=  


==Care of the Pediatric Anesthesiologist==
==Care of the Pediatric Anesthesiologist==
:[[Ergonomics and Physical Factors]]
:[[Psychologic Stress]]
:[[Psychologic Stress]]
:[[Imposter Syndrome]]
:[[Imposter Syndrome]]
:[[Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion]]
:[[Clinical Decision-Making]]
:[[Performance and Compensation]]
:[[The Aging Anesthesiologist]]


==Operating Suite Design and Implementation==  
==Operating Suite Design and Implementation==  
:[[Medical Language Interpretation]]
:[[Pre-operative Evaluation Center]]
:[[Pre-operative Evaluation Center]]
:[[Pre-operative In-Take]]
:[[Pre-operative In-Take]]
Line 425: Line 553:
:[[Environmental and Occupational Considerations]]
:[[Environmental and Occupational Considerations]]
:[[Intraoperative Communication]]
:[[Intraoperative Communication]]
:[[Personal Electronic Devices]]


==Sedation of the Pediatric Patient==  
==Sedation of the Pediatric Patient==  
Line 436: Line 565:
:[[Post-Operative Nursing Care]]
:[[Post-Operative Nursing Care]]
:[[Emergence Delirium]]
:[[Emergence Delirium]]
:[[Delayed Emergence]]


==Personnel Safety in the Pediatric Environment==  
==Personnel Safety in the Pediatric Environment==  
:[[Operating Room Fires]]
:[[Operating Room Fires]]
:[[Active Shooter]]


==Special Topics in Mass Casualty Incidents==
==Special Topics in Mass Casualty Incidents==
Line 445: Line 576:
==Low Resource Environments==  
==Low Resource Environments==  
:[[Low Resource Environment Issues]]
:[[Low Resource Environment Issues]]
:[[In-Flight Emergencies]]


==The Pediatric Perioperative  Surgical Home==
==The Pediatric Perioperative  Surgical Home==

Revision as of 10:55, 1 May 2024

Apple-icon.png

If you are interested in participating in this huge, Global project, please go ahead and register! If you are reluctant, please contact me here or on the forum. Authorship may be recognized by your institution and contribute to "published works" for academic promotion.


Introductory Topics

Preface
Disclaimer
The Editing Team
History of Pediatric Anesthesia
Pediatric Anesthesia Worldwide
Measuring Outcome in Pediatric Anesthesia
Basic Pediatric Concepts

Training/Education/Certification

The Making of a Pediatric Anesthesiologist
Educational Principles
Certification Processes
Test Your Knowledge
Managing Knowledge

Basic Clinical Information [WFSA Updates]

WFSA PaedsUpdateContents Volume 30 - June 2015 (Wiki Format)
WFSA PaedsUpdateContents Volume 37 - October 2023 (PDF Format)

The Growing Child

Embryology
Development
Growth
Developmental Psychology

Anatomy & Physiology

Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Renal System
Endocrine System
Nervous System
Temperature Regulation
Fluid & Electrolytes
Coagulation & Bleeding
Pharmacology
Clinical Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics in children
Anesthetic Agents
Opiates & Sedatives
Muscle Relaxants

Monitoring

Standard Monitoring
Precordial Stethoscope
Oxygen
Electrocardiography - EKG
Carbon Dioxide
Neuromonitoring - IOM
Neuromuscular Blockade
Blood Pressure
Temperature
Thromboelastography - TEG
Pacemakers
Automated Internal Defibrillators
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Electroencephalography - EEG
Depth of Anesthesia
BIS
SEDline

Ethical Issues in Pediatric Anesthesia

Ethical Constructs relevant to Pediatric Anesthesia
The Emancipated Minor
Assent/Consent
The child of a Jehovah's Witness
Anesthesia in Low Resource Settings
Global Pediatric Anesthesia
VIP Care
End of Life
Racial Disparities in Care

Error, Judgement, and The Law

Errors in the Operating Room
Wrong Side Procedures
Just Culture
The Making of Medical Malpractice Suit

Clinical Techniques

Standards of Anesthesia
Pocket Reference Cards
Point of Care Ultrasound - POCUS

Preoperative Assessment

General Preoperative Assessment
Psychological Preparation of the Pediatric Patient & Family
The Fetus
The Pre-Term Infant
The Infant
The Child
The Adolescent
The Adult-aged Pediatric Patient
The Former Premature Patient
Upper Respiratory Infection
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Preoperative Fasting
Vaccination Status
Child Trafficking

Pre-anesthetic Medication

Pre-induction/Pre-medication

Pediatric Sedation

Principles of Sedation
Dental Sedation
Sedation for Radiologic Procedures

Anesthetic Induction

Parental Presence During Induction
Magic as a Distration Technique
Distracting Devices
Psychological Preparation of the Pediatric Patient & Family

Maintenance of Anesthesia

Fluid Management
Neuromuscular Blockade
Blood Products
Temperature Management
Positioning
Ventilation
Controlled Hypotension
Electrocautery
Depth of Anesthesia
BIS
SEDline

Drugs

Volatile Anesthetics
Total Intravenous Anesthesia
Dexmedetomidine
Opiates
Opioid Free Techniques
Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents
Ketorolac
Ibuprofen
Cox-2 Inhibitors
Ketamine
Benzodiazepines
Perioperative Steroids
Antibiotics
Acetaminophen
Methylene Blue
Insulin Pumps
Parasympatholytics
Bicarbonate

Emergence/Recovery from Anesthesia

Deep Extubation
Emergence Agitation/Delirium
Post Operative Nausea & Vomiting
Pain Management in the Recovery Room
Post Obstructive Pulmonary Edema
Intraoperative Awareness and Recall

Airway Management

Basic Airway Anatomy of the Pediatric Patient
Basic Airway Management of the Pediatric Patient
Laryngeal Mask Airway
Basic Laryngoscopy and Intubation
Basic Nasal Intubation
Rapid Sequence Induction
Recognizing and Managing the Difficult Pediatric Airway
Advanced Airway Techniques
Difficult Airway Response Teams
One Lung Ventilation
Cuffed vs Uncuffed ETTs
Basic Ventilation
Advanced Ventilation
Emergency Airway Management
Complications of Airway Management
Laryngospasm
Extubation
Deep Extubation

Vascular Access

Intravenous catheter placement & Care
Central Venous Catheter placement & Care
Intraosseous Access & Care
Arterial catheter placement & Care
Intranasal Drug Delivery
Needlestick Injury

Regional Blockade

Principles of Regional Anesthesia in Children
The use of Ultrasound for Regional Anesthesia
Local Anesthetics in Children
Local Anesthetic Adjuncts in Children
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity - LAST
Nerve Complications of Regional Blockade
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Compartment Syndrome and Regional Blockade
Post-Dural Puncture Headache
Axial Blockade (Caudal, Lumbar Epidural, Thoracic Epidural, Spinal)
Head & Neck (Palatal, Supraorbital & Trochlear Nerve Blocks, Oral Nerve Blocks, Superficial Cervical Plexus Block, Suprazygomatic Maxillary Nerve, Infraorbital Nerve Block, Scalp Blocks)
Upper Extremity (Interscalene, Supraclavicular, Infraclavicular, Axillary, Peripheral Arm, Intravenous Regional (Bier))
Thorax (Intercostal, Paravertebral, Erector Spinae Plane)
Abdomen (Rectus Sheath, Transversus Abdominus Plane, Quadratus Lumborum, Ileoinguinal/Ileohypogastric, Pudendal, Penile)
Lower Extremity (Lumbar Plexus, PENG, Femoral, Adductor Canal, Sciatic, Popliteal, Ankle)
Continuous Catheter Infusion (Outside of Hospital)

Blood Conservation Techniques

Cell Saver
Controlled Hypotension
Tranexamic Acid

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Intraoperative Cardiac Arrest
Pediatric CPR
Code Teams
PALS Protocols
Prone CPR
ECMO
CPR Coach
Crisis Management

Syndromes/Disorders

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

Achalasia
Achondroplasia
Acute Flaccid Myelitis
Adrenal Insufficiency
Alpha-Gal Syndrome
Anaphylaxis
Angelman Syndrome
Apert Syndrome
Asthma
Autism Spectrum
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Brugada Syndrome
Cerebral Palsy
CHARGE association
Cleft lip and/or palate
Cleidocranial dysplasia
Conjoined Twins
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
COVID
Craniosynostosis
Cystic Fibrosis
DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)
Diabetes
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Down Syndrome
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Freeman-Sheldon Syndrome
Genetic Disease
G6PD
Goldenhar syndrome
Guillain–Barré syndrome
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Inherited metabolic disorders
Ketogenic Diet
Klippel-Feil syndrome
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
Long QT Syndrome
Malignant Hyperthermia
Marijuana Use
Mastocytosis
Mitochondrial Disease
Möbius syndrome
Moya Moya Syndrome
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Myesthenia Gravis
Myotonic dystrophies
Nephrotic Syndrome
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Nonaccidental Trauma
Noonan syndrome
Obesity
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Pacemakers
Papillomatosis
Periodic Fever Syndromes
Pierre Robin sequence
Polycythemia Vera
Porphyria
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency
Pulmonary Hypertension
Sickle Cell Disease
Smoking and Vaping
Special Needs
Spina Bifida
Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Stroke
Sturge Weber
Substance Use Disorder
Tetanus
Thyrotoxicosis
Treacher Collins syndrome
Turner syndrome
VACTERR (or VACTERL) association
Vein of Galen Malformation
Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Von Willibrand’s Disease
Waardenburg syndrome
Williams Syndrome

Procedure Based Discussions

Generalized Suggested Outline

General Surgery

Appendectomy
Bariatric
Bronchoscopy
Burns
Button Battery Ingestion
Central Line Placement (Hickman/Broviac/Infusaport)
Cholelithiasis
Cystic Adenomatous Malformation (CAM)
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Duodenal Atresia
Gastrochisis
Inguinal Hernia
Kasai Procedure
Laparoscopy
Magnet Ingestion
Malrotation
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Omphalocoele
Ovarian Torsion
Pectus Excavatum/Carinatum
Pheochromocytoma
Pyloric Stenosis
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
Thoracotomy
Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula
Trauma
Umbilical Hernia
Umbilical Herniorrphy

Transplant

Liver Transplant
Renal Transplant
Cardiac Transplant

ENT

Auditory Evoked Potentials
Bone Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA)
Bronchoscopy
Cricoid Split Procedure
Epiglottitis
Foreign Body in Airway
Glottic Web
Laryngotracheal Reconstruction
Mastoidectomy
Myringotomy Tubes
Papillomatosis
Retropharyngeal Abscess
Suspension Micro Laryngoscopy
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Tonsillectomy/Adenoidectomy
Tracheostomy

Fetal

Fetal Interventions
ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT)

Dental/Oral Surgery

Dental Restoration
Dental Extraction
Dental Sedation

Orthopedics

Idiopathic Scoliosis
Neuromuscular Scoliosis
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Upper Extremity Fracture
Lower Extremity Fracture
Bone Cement
Compartment Syndrome
Tourniquet Use
Clubfoot Repair
Total Knee Arthroplasty

Neurosurgery

General Neurosurgery
Brain Tumor Craniotomy
Arnold Chiari Malformation
Ventriculo-Peritoneal Shunt
Spinal Cord Untethering
Spinal Cord Injury
Awake Craniotomy
Vagal Nerve Stimulator
Arteriovenous Malformation
Traumatic Brain Injury
Air Embolism

Plastics

Craniosynostosis
Craniofacial Reconstruction
Cleft lip and/or palate
LeFort Advancement
Pierre Robin Mandibular Distraction

Urology

Circumcision
Inguinal Hernia
Cystoscopy
Hypospadias
Ureteral Re-Implantation
Bladder Augmentation
Neonatal Exstrophy
Testicular Torsion
Orchiopexy
Robotic Surgery

Transgender Topics

Transgender Terminology
Assessment of the Transgender Patient
Gender Confirming Therapies
Hormone Therapy
Feminizing Procedures
Masculinizing procedures
Perioperative Care

Ophthalmology

Strabismus
Glacoma
Retina
Retinoblastoma
Nasolacrimal Duct
Ptosis
Open Globe
Orbital Trauma/Fracture

Cardiac/Congenital Heart Disease

Basic Cardiac Principles
Transitional Circulation
Cyanotic Lesions
Non-cyanotic Lesions
Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Cardiac Catheterization
Non-Cardiac Procedures

Gastroenterology

Upper Endoscopy
Lower Endoscopy/Colonoscopy
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreaticogram
Liver Biopsy

Oncology

Perioperative Care of the Child with Cancer
Lumbar Puncture
Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy
Bone Marrow Harvest
Anterior Mediastinal Mass
Wilms’ Tumor

Robotic Surgery

Principles/Physiology
Urology
Orthopedics
General Surgery

Maternal-Fetal

Introduction to Fetal Anesthesia
Pre-Partum Procedures
Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT)

Radiology

Interventional Radiology
Gastic-Jejunal Feeding Tube Insertion
Vascular/Lymphatic Malformation
Whittaker Procedure
Endovascular Liver Biopsy
Cyst Drainage
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Head/Body
Cardiac MRI
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Neuroradiology
Wada Test
Vein of Galen Malformation
Ophthalmic Artery Injection
Urodynamic Studies

Psychiatry

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Pain Management

Perioperative analgesic pharmacology in children
Overview of Pain in Children
Factors that Modulate Pediatric Pain
Assessment of Pain in Children
Multimodal Pain Management in Children
Pain Treatment in Children
Acute Pain
Surgical
Medical
Chronic Pain
Acute Pain that Becomes Chronic
Surgical
Medical
Patient/Nurse/Parent Controlled Analgesia
Patient Controlled Epidural Anesthesia
Cancer Pain
Pain Management in the Intensive Care Unit

Palliative Care

Principles of Pediatric Palliative Care
Transitioning to Palliative Care
Setting Goals
Techniques in the Palliative Setting
End of Life Care

Operational/Procedural Topics

Care of the Pediatric Anesthesiologist

Ergonomics and Physical Factors
Psychologic Stress
Imposter Syndrome
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Clinical Decision-Making
Performance and Compensation
The Aging Anesthesiologist

Operating Suite Design and Implementation

Medical Language Interpretation
Pre-operative Evaluation Center
Pre-operative In-Take
Operating Room Design
Post-anesthesia Care Unit
Remote Anesthesia Locations
Radiology
Magnetic Resonance Suite
Cardiac Catheterization
Pet Scanner
CT Scanner
Emergency Department
Environmental and Occupational Considerations
Intraoperative Communication
Personal Electronic Devices

Sedation of the Pediatric Patient

Transporting the anesthetized Pediatric Patient
Dental Sedation
Creating a Sedation Service

Recovery of the Pediatric Patient

Post Operative Nausea & Vomiting
Pain Management in the Recovery Room
Post-Operative Nursing Care
Emergence Delirium
Delayed Emergence

Personnel Safety in the Pediatric Environment

Operating Room Fires
Active Shooter

Special Topics in Mass Casualty Incidents

Principles of MCI and Pediatrics

Low Resource Environments

Low Resource Environment Issues
In-Flight Emergencies

The Pediatric Perioperative Surgical Home

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery - ERAS

Editing tools

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