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Introductory Topics

Preface
Disclaimer
The Editing Team
History of Pediatric Anesthesia
Pediatric Anesthesia Worldwide
Measuring Outcome in Pediatric Anesthesia
Basic Pediatric Concepts

Training/Education/Certification

The Making of a Pediatric Anesthesiologist
Educational Principles
Certification Processes
Test Your Knowledge

Basic Clinical Information [WFSA Update Vol30]

WFSA PaedsUpdateContents (Table of contents)

The Growing Child

Embryology
Development
Growth
Developmental Psychology

Anatomy & Physiology

Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Renal System
Endocrine System
Nervous System
Temperature Regulation
Fluid & Electrolytes
Coagulation & Bleeding
Pharmacology
Clinical Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics in children
Anesthetic Agents
Opiates & Sedatives
Muscle Relaxants

Monitoring

Standard Monitoring
Precordial Stethoscope
Oxygen
Electrocardiography - EKG
Carbon Dioxide
Neuromonitoring - IOM
Neuromuscular Blockade
Blood Pressure
Temperature
Thromboelastography - TEG
Pacemakers
Automated Internal Defibrillators
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Electroencephalography - EEG

Ethical Issues in Pediatric Anesthesia

Ethical Constructs relevant to Pediatric Anesthesia
The Emancipated Minor
Assent/Consent
The child of a Jehovah's Witness
Anesthesia in Low Resource Settings
Global Pediatric Anesthesia

The Law and Pediatric Anesthesia

The Making of Medical Malpractice Suit
Errors in the Operating Room

Clinical Techniques

Pocket Reference Cards

Preoperative Assessment

General Preoperative Assessment
Psychological Preparation of the Pediatric Patient & Family
The Fetus
The Pre-Term Infant
The Infant
The Child
The Adolescent
The Adult-aged Pediatric Patient
The Former Premature Patient
Upper Respiratory Infection
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Preoperative Fasting

Pre-anesthetic Medication

Pre-induction/Pre-medication

Pediatric Sedation

Principles of Sedation
Dental Sedation
Sedation for Radiologic Procedures

Anesthetic Induction

Parental Presence During Induction
Magic as a Distration Technique
Distracting Devices

Maintenance of Anesthesia

Fluid Management
Neuromuscular Blockade
Blood Products
Temperature Management
Positioning
Ventilation
Controlled Hypotension

Drugs

Volatile Anesthetics
Total Intravenous Anesthesia
Dexmedetomidine
Opiates
Opioid Free Techniques
Ketamine
Benzodiazepines
Perioperative Steroids
Antibiotics
Acetaminophen
Methylene Blue
Insulin Pumps

Emergence/Recovery from Anesthesia

Deep Extubation
Emergence Agitation/Delirium
Post Operative Nausea & Vomiting
Pain Management in the Recovery Room
Emergence Delirium
Post Obstructive Pulmonary Edema

Airway Management

Basic Airway Anatomy of the Pediatric Patient
Basic Airway Management of the Pediatric Patient
Basic Laryngoscopy and Intubation
Basic Nasal Intubation
Recognizing and Managing the Difficult Pediatric Airway
Difficult Airway Response Teams
Advanced Airway Techniques
One Lung Ventilation
Cuffed vs Uncuffed ETTs
Basic Ventilation
Advanced Ventilation
Emergency Airway Management
Rapid Sequence Induction
Complications of Airway Management
Laryngospasm

Vascular Access

Intravenous catheter placement & Care
Central Venous Catheter placement & Care
Intraosseous Access & Care
Arterial catheter placement & Care
Intranasal Drug Delivery
Needlestick Injury

Regional Blockade

Principles of Regional Anesthesia in Children
The use of Ultrasound for Regional Anesthesia
Local Anesthetics in Children
Local Anesthetic Adjuncts in Children
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity - LAST
Nerve Complications of Regional Blockade
Axial Blockade (Caudal, Lumbar Epidural, Thoracic Epidural, Spinal)
Head & Neck
Upper Extremity (Interscalene, Supraclavicular, Infraclavicular, Axillary, Peripheral Arm, Intravenous Regional (Bier))
Thorax (Intercostal, Paravertebral, Erector Spinae Plane)
Abdomen (Rectus Sheath, Transversus Abdominus Plane, Quadratus Lumborum, Ileoinguinal/Ileohypogastric, Pudendal, Penile)
Lower Extremity (Lumbar Plexus, PENG, Femoral, Adductor Canal, Sciatic, Popliteal, Ankle)
Continuous Catheter Infusion (Outside of Hospital)

Blood Conservation Techniques

Cell Saver
Controlled Hypotension
Tranexamic Acid

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Pediatric CPR
Code Teams
PALS Protocols
Prone CPR
ECMO
CPR Coach
Crisis Management

Syndromes/Disorders

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

Achalasia
Achondroplasia
Anaphylaxis
Apert Syndrome
Asthma
Autism Spectrum
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Brugada Syndrome
CHARGE association
Cleft lip and/or palate
Craniosynostosis
Cystic Fibrosis
Di George syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)
Diabetes
Down Syndrome
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Genetic Disease
G6PD
Goldenhar syndrome
Guillain–Barré syndrome
Inherited metabolic disorders
Klippel-Feil syndrome
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome
Malignant Hyperthermia
Mitochondrial Disease
Möbius syndrome
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Myesthenia Gravis
Myotonic dystrophies
Nonaccidental Trauma
Noonan syndrome
Obesity
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Papillomatosis
Pierre Robin sequence
Porphyria
Pulmonary Hypertension
Sickle Cell Disease
Smoking and Vaping
Spina Bifida
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome
Turner syndrome
VACTERR (or VACTERL) association
Williams Syndrome

Procedure Based Discussions

Generalized Suggested Outline

General Surgery

Appendectomy
Bariatric
Bronchoscopy
Burns
Button Battery Ingestion
Central Line Placement (Hickman/Broviac/Infusaport)
Cystic Adenomatous Malformation (CAM)
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Duodenal Atresia
Gastrochisis
Inguinal Hernia
Laparoscopy
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Omphalocoele
Ovarian Torsion
Pectus Excavatum/Carinatum
Pheochromocytoma
Pyloric Stenosis
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
Thoracotomy
Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula
Trauma
Umbilical Hernia
Umbilical Herniorrphy

Transplant

Liver Transplant
Renal Transplant

ENT

Auditory Evoked Potentials
Bone Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA)
Bronchoscopy
Cricoid Split Procedure
Epiglottitis
Foreign Body in Airway
Glottic Web
Laryngotracheal Reconstruction
Mastoidectomy
Myringotomy Tubes
Papillomatosis
Suspension Micro Laryngoscopy
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Tonsillectomy/Adenoidectomy
Tracheostomy

Fetal

Fetal Interventions

Dental/Oral Surgery

Dental Restoration
Dental Extraction
Dental Sedation

Orthopedics

Idiopathic Scoliosis
Neuromuscular Scoliosis
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Upper Extremity Fracture
Lower Extremity Fracture
Bone Cement

Neurosurgery

Brain Tumor Craniotomy
Arnold Chiari Malformation
Ventriculo-Peritoneal Shunt
Spinal Cord Untethering
Spinal Cord Injury
Awake Craniotomy

Plastics

Craniosynostosis
Craniofacial Reconstruction
Cleft Palate
LeFort Advancement
Pierre Robin Mandibular Distraction

Urology

Circumcision
Inguinal Hernia
Cystoscopy
Hypospadias
Ureteral Re-Implantation
Bladder Augmentation
Neonatal Exstrophy
Testicular Torsion
Orchiopexy
Robotic Surgery

Transgender Topics

Transgender Terminology
Assessment of the Transgender Patient
Gender Confirming Therapies
Hormone Therapy
Feminizing Procedures
Masculinizing procedures
Perioperative Care

Ophthalmology

Strabismus
Glacoma
Retina
Retinoblastoma
Nasolacrimal Duct
Ptosis
Open Globe
Orbital Trauma/Fracture

Cardiac/Congenital Heart Disease

Basic Cardiac Principles
Transitional Circulation
Cyanotic Lesions
Non-cyanotic Lesions
Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Cardiac Catheterization

Gastroenterology

Upper Endoscopy
Lower Endoscopy/Colonoscopy
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreaticogram
Liver Biopsy

Oncology

Perioperative Care of the Child with Cancer
Lumbar Puncture
Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy
Bone Marrow Harvest
Anterior Mediastinal Mass
Wilms’ Tumor

Robotic Surgery

Principles/Physiology
Urology
Orthopedics
General Surgery

Maternal-Fetal

Introduction to Fetal Anesthesia
Pre-Partum Procedures
EXIT Procedure

Radiology

Interventional Radiology
Gastic-Jejunal Feeding Tube Insertion
Vascular/Lymphatic Malformation
Whittaker Procedure
Endovascular Liver Biopsy
Cyst Drainage
Ophthalmic Artery Injection
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Head/Body
Cardiac MRI

Pain Management

Perioperative Analgesic Pharmacology in Children (WFSA)
Overview of Pain in Children
Factors that Modulate Pediatric Pain
Assessment of Pain in Children
Multimodal Pain Management in Children
Pain Treatment in Children
Acute Pain
Surgical
Medical
Chronic Pain
Acute Pain that Becomes Chronic
Surgical
Medical
Patient/Nurse/Parent Controlled Analgesia
Patient Controlled Epidural Anesthesia
Cancer Pain
Pain Management in the Intensive Care Unit

Palliative Care

Principles of Pediatric Palliative Care
Transitioning to Palliative Care
Setting Goals
Techniques in the Palliative Setting

Operational/Procedural Topics

Care of the Pediatric Anesthesiologist

Ergonomics and Physical Factors
Psychologic Stress
Imposter Syndrome
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

Operating Suite Design and Implementation

Medical Language Interpretation
Pre-operative Evaluation Center
Pre-operative In-Take
Operating Room Design
Post-anesthesia Care Unit
Remote Anesthesia Locations
Radiology
Magnetic Resonance Suite
Cardiac Catheterization
Pet Scanner
CT Scanner
Emergency Department
Environmental and Occupational Considerations
Intraoperative Communication

Sedation of the Pediatric Patient

Transporting the anesthetized Pediatric Patient
Dental Sedation
Creating a Sedation Service

Recovery of the Pediatric Patient

Post Operative Nausea & Vomiting
Pain Management in the Recovery Room
Post-Operative Nursing Care
Emergence Delirium
Emergence Agitation/Delirium

Personnel Safety in the Pediatric Environment

Operating Room Fires
Active Shooter

Special Topics in Mass Casualty Incidents

Principles of MCI and Pediatrics

Low Resource Environments

Low Resource Environment Issues

The Pediatric Perioperative Surgical Home

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery - ERAS

Editing tools

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