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The answer is C. Plasma Ca2+ is maintained at a concentration of 9 to 10.5 g/dL (2.2 to 2.4 mmol/L) as total calcium, with approximately 40% of this value comprising the protein-bound nonfiltratable fraction, and 10% is chelated. Ionized calcium accounts for 47% of the total circulating Ca2+ and ranges from 4 to 5 mg/dL (1.0 to 1.25 mmol/L)
The answer is C. Plasma Ca2+ is maintained at a concentration of 9 to 10.5 g/dL (2.2 to 2.4 mmol/L) as total calcium, with approximately 40% of this value comprising the protein-bound nonfiltratable fraction, and 10% is chelated. Ionized calcium accounts for 47% of the total circulating Ca2+ and ranges from 4 to 5 mg/dL (1.0 to 1.25 mmol/L)
<ref>J Clin Invest. 1970;49(2):318–334[http://www.jci.org/articles/view/106241]</ref>
<ref>J Clin Invest. 1970;49(2):318–334[http://www.jci.org/articles/view/106241]</ref>
. The extent of protein binding per deciliter of plasma is approximately 0.8 mg of Ca2+ for every 1 g of albumin and 0.16 mg for each 1 g of globulin. Furthermore, a threefold increase in serum phosphate or sulfate concentration results in a 10% decrease in serum Ca2+ concentration. In addition, the binding of Ca2+ to albumin is pH-dependent between pH 7 and 9. An acute increase or decrease in the pH by 0.1 units results in an increase or a decrease, respectively, of proteinbound Ca2+ of 0.2 mg/dL (0.05 mmol/L).<ref>JASN July 2008 vol. 19 no. 7 1257-1260 [http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/19/7/1257.full]</ref>
. The extent of protein binding per deciliter of plasma is approximately 0.8 mg of Ca2+ for every 1 g of albumin and 0.16 mg for each 1 g of globulin. Furthermore, a threefold increase in serum phosphate or sulfate concentration results in a 10% decrease in serum Ca2+ concentration. In addition, the binding of Ca2+ to albumin is pH-dependent between pH 7 and 9. An acute increase or decrease in the pH by 0.1 units results in an increase or a decrease, respectively, of proteinbound Ca2+ of 0.2 mg/dL (0.05 mmol/L).<ref>JASN July 2008 vol. 19 no. 7 1257-1260 [http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/19/7/1257.full]</ref>


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This is an example of multiple references to the same footnote.<ref name="multiple">Remember that when you refer to the same footnote multiple times, the text from the first reference is used.</ref>
This is an example of multiple references to the same footnote.<ref name="multiple">Remember that when you refer to the same footnote multiple times, the text from the first reference is used.</ref>


Such references are particularly useful when citing sources, if different statements come from the same source.<ref name="multiple">This text is superfluous, and won't show up anywhere. We may as well just use an empty tag.</ref>
Such references are particularly useful when citing sources, if different statements come from the same source.<ref name="multiple" /> Any reused tag should not contain extra content, that will spawn an error. Only use empty tags in this role.


A concise way to make multiple references is to use empty ref tags, which have a slash at the end. Although this may reduce redundant work, please be aware that if a future editor removes the first reference, this will result in the loss of all references using the empty ref tags. <nowiki><ref name="multiple" /></nowiki>
A concise way to make multiple references is to use empty ref tags, which have a slash at the end.
Although this may reduce redundant work, please be aware that if a future editor removes the first reference, this will result in the loss of all references using the empty ref tags.<ref name="multiple" />


==Notes==
<references />
==Notes==
==Notes==
<references />
<references />

Latest revision as of 23:29, 15 June 2021

What percentage of total body calcium is ionized?

Test image.jpg


A. 10%

B. 20%

C. 40%

D. 60%

E. 80%


Click for Answer

The answer is C. Plasma Ca2+ is maintained at a concentration of 9 to 10.5 g/dL (2.2 to 2.4 mmol/L) as total calcium, with approximately 40% of this value comprising the protein-bound nonfiltratable fraction, and 10% is chelated. Ionized calcium accounts for 47% of the total circulating Ca2+ and ranges from 4 to 5 mg/dL (1.0 to 1.25 mmol/L) [1] . The extent of protein binding per deciliter of plasma is approximately 0.8 mg of Ca2+ for every 1 g of albumin and 0.16 mg for each 1 g of globulin. Furthermore, a threefold increase in serum phosphate or sulfate concentration results in a 10% decrease in serum Ca2+ concentration. In addition, the binding of Ca2+ to albumin is pH-dependent between pH 7 and 9. An acute increase or decrease in the pH by 0.1 units results in an increase or a decrease, respectively, of proteinbound Ca2+ of 0.2 mg/dL (0.05 mmol/L).[2]

Notes

  1. J Clin Invest. 1970;49(2):318–334[1]
  2. JASN July 2008 vol. 19 no. 7 1257-1260 [2]

Keywords

Water, volume, and blood composition
Homeostasis functions (Renal/Urinary)



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This is a paragraph with several references that I would like to practice using.

According to scientists, the Sun is pretty big.[1] The Moon, however, is not so big.[2]

Notes

  1. E. Miller, The Sun, (New York: Academic Press, 2005), 23-5.
  2. R. Smith, "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 46 (April 1978): 44-6.


This is an example of multiple references to the same footnote.[1]

Such references are particularly useful when citing sources, if different statements come from the same source.[1] Any reused tag should not contain extra content, that will spawn an error. Only use empty tags in this role.

A concise way to make multiple references is to use empty ref tags, which have a slash at the end. Although this may reduce redundant work, please be aware that if a future editor removes the first reference, this will result in the loss of all references using the empty ref tags.[1]

Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Remember that when you refer to the same footnote multiple times, the text from the first reference is used.

Notes


The text above gives the following result in the article (see also section below):


Note: name= identifiers require alphabetic characters; solely relying on numerals will generate an error message