Caudal - Revision history

WikiSysop at 16:02, 3 September 2026

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	Adler AC, Bhatia VP, Chandrakantan A, Nathanson BH, Ouellette L, Austin PF. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35292293 Association of analgesic block with the incidence of complications following hypospadias surgery; a meta-analysis.] Urology. 2022 Aug; 166: 11-17.		Adler AC, Bhatia VP, Chandrakantan A, Nathanson BH, Ouellette L, Austin PF. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35292293 Association of analgesic block with the incidence of complications following hypospadias surgery; a meta-analysis.] Urology. 2022 Aug; 166: 11-17.

	Zhu C, Wei R, Tong Y, Liu J, Song Z, Zhang S. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30700621 Analgesic efficacy and impact of caudal block on surgical complications of hypospadias repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2019 Feb; 44(2): 259-267.		Zhu C, Wei R, Tong Y, Liu J, Song Z, Zhang S. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30700621 Analgesic efficacy and impact of caudal block on surgical complications of hypospadias repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis] Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2019 Feb; 44(2): 259-267.

WikiSysop at 16:02, 3 September 2026

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	[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2884900/ Comparison of caudal and ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks for control of post-orchiopexy pain in pediatric ambulatory surgery]		[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2884900/ Comparison of caudal and ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks for control of post-orchiopexy pain in pediatric ambulatory surgery]

	Xia Y, Yang Z, Li J, et al. Urethrocutaneous fistula and glans dehiscence formation of hypospadias surgery in patients receiving caudal block vs. non-caudal block: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Urol. 2024 Apr; 20(2): 227-236. ~~PMID: 38000951~~		Xia Y, Yang Z, Li J, et al. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38000951/ Urethrocutaneous fistula and glans dehiscence formation of hypospadias surgery in patients receiving caudal block vs. non-caudal block: a meta-analysis.] J Pediatr Urol. 2024 Apr; 20(2): 227-236.

	Adler AC, Bhatia VP, Chandrakantan A, Nathanson BH, Ouellette L, Austin PF. Association of analgesic block with the incidence of complications following hypospadias surgery; a meta-analysis. Urology. 2022 Aug; 166: 11-17. ~~PMID: 35292293~~		Adler AC, Bhatia VP, Chandrakantan A, Nathanson BH, Ouellette L, Austin PF. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35292293 Association of analgesic block with the incidence of complications following hypospadias surgery; a meta-analysis.] Urology. 2022 Aug; 166: 11-17.

	Zhu C, Wei R, Tong Y, Liu J, Song Z, Zhang S. Analgesic efficacy and impact of caudal block on surgical complications of hypospadias repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2019 Feb; 44(2): 259-267. ~~PMID: 30700621~~		Zhu C, Wei R, Tong Y, Liu J, Song Z, Zhang S. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30700621 Analgesic efficacy and impact of caudal block on surgical complications of hypospadias repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2019 Feb; 44(2): 259-267.

WikiSysop at 21:18, 15 June 2026

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	[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2884900/ Comparison of caudal and ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks for control of post-orchiopexy pain in pediatric ambulatory surgery]		[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2884900/ Comparison of caudal and ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks for control of post-orchiopexy pain in pediatric ambulatory surgery]

			Xia Y, Yang Z, Li J, et al. Urethrocutaneous fistula and glans dehiscence formation of hypospadias surgery in patients receiving caudal block vs. non-caudal block: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Urol. 2024 Apr; 20(2): 227-236. PMID: 38000951

			Adler AC, Bhatia VP, Chandrakantan A, Nathanson BH, Ouellette L, Austin PF. Association of analgesic block with the incidence of complications following hypospadias surgery; a meta-analysis. Urology. 2022 Aug; 166: 11-17. PMID: 35292293

			Zhu C, Wei R, Tong Y, Liu J, Song Z, Zhang S. Analgesic efficacy and impact of caudal block on surgical complications of hypospadias repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2019 Feb; 44(2): 259-267. PMID: 30700621


	== Complications and Case Reports ==		== Complications and Case Reports ==

WikiSysop at 15:57, 7 May 2026

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	[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12032008/ The minimum local anesthetic concentration of ropivacaine for caudal analgesia in children]		[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12032008/ The minimum local anesthetic concentration of ropivacaine for caudal analgesia in children]

			[https://www.pedspainmedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/newsletters/2020/fall/Update%20PRA/local%20anesthetic.html Choice of Local Anesthetic Agent for Epidural Infusions in Neonates and Infants: The Case for Chloroprocaine]

	== Adjuncts and Additives ==		== Adjuncts and Additives ==

WikiSysop at 20:37, 18 February 2026

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	[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28332251/ Measuring the depth of the caudal epidural space to prevent dural sac puncture during caudal block in children]		[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28332251/ Measuring the depth of the caudal epidural space to prevent dural sac puncture during caudal block in children]

			[https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/2d4Ct4nmU7A?rel=0&autoplay=0&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=0 RAAPM: Ultrasound Guided Caudal Block]

	[[TYK5 \|Test Your Knowledge]]: newborn spinal cord		[[TYK5 \|Test Your Knowledge]]: newborn spinal cord

WikiSysop at 20:33, 18 February 2026

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	[https://journals.lww.com/aacr/fulltext/2024/10000/real_time_ultrasonography_for_the_placement_of.7.aspx Real-Time Ultrasonography for the Placement of Caudal Epidurals for Thoracic Surgery in Infants: A Description of the Technique and Case Series]		[https://journals.lww.com/aacr/fulltext/2024/10000/real_time_ultrasonography_for_the_placement_of.7.aspx Real-Time Ultrasonography for the Placement of Caudal Epidurals for Thoracic Surgery in Infants: A Description of the Technique and Case Series]

			[https://www.openanesthesia.org/vodcasts/caudal-epidural-anesthesia-in-pediatric-patients/?search_term=caudal Caudal Epidural Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients OA-SPA Pediatric Anesthesia Virtual Grand Rounds]

	[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1460-9592.2000.00442.x?saml_referrer Tunnelling of caudal epidural catheters in infants]		[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1460-9592.2000.00442.x?saml_referrer Tunnelling of caudal epidural catheters in infants]

WikiSysop at 17:19, 30 October 2025

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	[[File:Caudal-Kulkarni.jpeg\|467x467px]]		[[File:Caudal-Kulkarni.jpeg\|467x467px]]

	~~== Adjuncts and Additives ==~~
	~~[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1460-9592.1996.d01-3.x The use of additives to local anaesthetic solutions for caudal epidural blockade]~~

	~~[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29479931/ Dexmedetomidine as an adjunct for caudal anesthesia and analgesia in children]~~

	~~[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27755489/ The Use of Epinephrine in Caudal Anesthesia Increases Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output in Children]~~


	== Dosing, Volume, and Drug Comparisons ==		== Dosing, Volume, and Drug Comparisons ==
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	[https://journals.lww.com/sjan/fulltext/2017/11040/ultrasound_assessment_of_cranial_spread_during.13.aspx Ultrasound assessment of cranial spread during caudal blockade in children: Effect of different volumes of local anesthetic]		[https://journals.lww.com/sjan/fulltext/2017/11040/ultrasound_assessment_of_cranial_spread_during.13.aspx Ultrasound assessment of cranial spread during caudal blockade in children: Effect of different volumes of local anesthetic]

			[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12032008/ The minimum local anesthetic concentration of ropivacaine for caudal analgesia in children]

			== Adjuncts and Additives ==
			[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1460-9592.1996.d01-3.x The use of additives to local anaesthetic solutions for caudal epidural blockade]

			[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29479931/ Dexmedetomidine as an adjunct for caudal anesthesia and analgesia in children]

			[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27755489/ The Use of Epinephrine in Caudal Anesthesia Increases Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output in Children]

	== Monitoring and Physiologic Effects ==		== Monitoring and Physiologic Effects ==

WikiSysop at 16:09, 28 October 2025

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	[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17040315/ Caudal anesthesia in children with shunt devices]		[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17040315/ Caudal anesthesia in children with shunt devices]

	[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2007.02200.x		[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2007.02200.x Caudal block and ventricular shunt devices: beware of the consequences of increasing epidural pressure!]

	[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38498665/ Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome Discovered during Ultrasound-guided Caudal Block]		[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38498665/ Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome Discovered during Ultrasound-guided Caudal Block]

WikiSysop at 16:09, 28 October 2025

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	== Special Populations and Conditions ==		== Special Populations and Conditions ==
	[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17040315/ Caudal anesthesia in children with shunt devices]		[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17040315/ Caudal anesthesia in children with shunt devices]

			[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2007.02200.x

	[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38498665/ Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome Discovered during Ultrasound-guided Caudal Block]		[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38498665/ Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome Discovered during Ultrasound-guided Caudal Block]

WikiSysop at 01:22, 23 October 2025

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	== Summary ==		== Summary ==
	* (Optional section for synthesis, conclusions, or optinon references)		* (Optional section for synthesis, conclusions, or optinon references)



	== What should an anesthesiologist tell a parent of a child getting a caudal block? ==		== What should an anesthesiologist tell a parent of a child getting a caudal block? ==